Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust Essay - 1452 Words

Examining any issue pertaining to the Holocaust is accompanied with complexity and the possibility of controversy. This is especially true in dealing with the topic of Jewish resistance to the Holocaust. Historians are often divided on this complex issue, debating issues such as how â€Å"resistance† is defined and, in accordance with that definition, how much resistance occurred. According to Michael Marrus, â€Å"the very term Jewish resistance suggests a point of view.† Many factors, both internal such as differences in opinion on when or what resistance was appropriate, as well as external, such as the lack of arms with which to revolt, contributed to making resistance, particularly armed resistance, extremely difficult. When considering acts†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, it was very difficult to gauge when this point would come; the Germans were inconsistent in when they carried out the executions, as some were killed immediately and others were kep t alive for a time. Understandably, many Jews inaccurately predicted the time before their imminent deaths and therefore missed their chance at resistance. In addition to the living conditions in the ghettos and camps, many differences in opinion led to hesitance to engage in resistance, particularly armed resistance. There was a great deal of collective responsibility involved with resistance- some believed that to act out was to endanger everyone in the group. Unfortunately, these worries were often founded in truth. In one instance, when a man protested the death of his brother by calling the SS member a murder, he was removed to prison, where he passed away; all of the other members of his group, who had witnessed the incident, were killed as well. By punishing the entire group for the rebellion of one, the SS helped to ensure that others would know the cost of resistance, and therefore be less inclined to resist themselves. Another instance of the idea of collective responsibility was seen in the Vilna ghetto- when fugitives escaped the ghetto, their families, as well all of the JewishShow MoreRelatedEssay Jewish Resistance to th e Nzi Holocaust922 Words   |  4 Pagesinternal and external factors contributing to a lack of Jewish resistance to the Holocaust, there was resistance in existence in many forms; the resistance that did occur must not be diminished or overlooked. When considering the definition of â€Å"resistance†, historians divide themselves on what this entails; some believe it to be only active, armed resistance attempts, while others define it more liberally. According to Yehuda Bauer, resistance entails â€Å"any group action consciously taken in oppositionRead MoreJewish Resistance During WWII and the Holocaust884 Words   |  4 PagesResistance: it takes many forms, from the simplest denial to an armed revolt. The Jews exhibited almost every form of resistance against the Nazis which proved to the world the Jews are not that easy to extinguish. The Jews had several ways of exhibiting resistance, but Organized armed resistance was the most powerful form of Jewish opposition(Jewish Resistance). Armed resistance is an important aspect to revolting not only because it reinflicts the pain lashed upon the Jews, but it also showsRead More Examine the practical and the morale constraints upon Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust.1659 Words   |  7 Pages Jewish resistance throughout the holocaust has caused much debate among academics historians, and even governments. Historians conclude that resistance was practical and morally constrained throughout the Second World War, for a variety of reasons. Historians such as Rab Bennett, Michael Marrus, Richard L Rubenstein, and John K Roth all have written in detail about the constraints placed upon Jewish resistance throughout this period. Each of these explanations will be examined throughout this paperRead MoreThe Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis And The Holocaust?1719 Words   |  7 PagesCountries or Groups Showed the Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis and the Holocaust? Many events in the world have been documented in our history books, but sometimes forgotten. However, the reminisce of events that took place during the Holocaust are the ones that are never forgotten. Neither should the groups and countries that showed resistance towards Hitler. Because of the antipathy towards Hitler s regime, resistance towards Nazi’s and the Holocaust was a combined effort from many differentRead MoreHolocaust Resistance: The Largest Jews Revolt Holocaust Resistance958 Words   |  4 PagesHolocaust Resistance During the duration of the Holocaust, millions of Jews and other minorities found themselves at the mercy of Nazi commandment. Despite the threat of death hanging over their heads, Jews organized resistance groups and fought back their oppressors. Resistance came in all sorts, ranging from committing suicide and dying with dignity to lashing out and killing their captors (â€Å"Jewish Resistance to the Nazi Genocide†). Within the camps there were individuals who openly foughtRead MoreEuropean Jews Resistance during the Holocaust868 Words   |  3 PagesPeople’s understanding of resistance among European Jews throughout the Holocaust is a topic that has been vehemently debated by scholars from various fields of study. These scholars have produced multiple notions regarding the idea of resistance among European Jews, as the debate has developed significantly since the end of World War II. The definition of the term â€Å"Jewish resistance,† which has been used t o characterize a rather obscure concept, still continues to be a major point of contentionRead MoreReligion Fights Back1273 Words   |  6 PagesReligion Fights Back Introduction Before the Holocaust, Jewish people had ordinary lives. Children went to school, parents went to work or owned their own business. They carried on spiritual traditions and strived for their own goals. During the Holocaust though, Jews lost the meaning of life (Michalczyk 177). They were considered useless and a burden to the Germans. This was continuously beat into their minds not only mentally but also physically (Michalczyk 177). Some were able to beat theseRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is, by definition, a tragedy. HaShoah, the Hebrew word for the Holocaust, translates to â€Å"the catastrophe.† The very notion of humor during the Holocaust may seem incongruous, appalling, and wildly inappropriate. Tragedy is seen as serious, while comedy is typically lighthearted in nature. However, there is precedence for ‘comic relief,’ the presence of humor in tragedy with the desired effect to relieve tension. Frequently , comic relief is used so that tragedy does not overshadow usRead MoreEssay on The Jewish Partisans of The Holocaust1146 Words   |  5 PagesResistance during the Holocaust, both Jewish and non-Jewish, is a daunting task to cover. Information abounds in relation to this which leads to the problem of putting all of it into one paper. Due to this, I will only cover the specifically Jewish Partisan fighters. The movements are divided into two groups of Eastern and Western Fighters. Partisans fought in almost every European country including but not limited to Belgium, Poland, Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Lithuania. â€Å"A partisan isRead MoreJews Were Complacent During The Holocaust1670 Words   |  7 PagesJews were complacent during the Holocaust. For most people, the only knowledge, if any, about Jewish resistance during the Holocaust comes from a fictional movie, Inglourious Basterds. While certainly based on facts, Inglourious Basterds is not a good way of expelling a myth. In actuality, and despite popular belief, Jews were not complacent during the Holocaust. They performed both violent and non-violent resistance against the Nazis, such as spiritual resistance, forming partisan groups, and starting

Citation and Plagiarism - 1836 Words

Plagiarism in an academic field is very unethical. There is no difference between stealing academic work that is not one’s own and going into a store to steal merchandise. The consequences for both offences are often harsh and life altering. One can lose credibility, lose a hard-earned reputation, be charged criminally, kicked out of school or be financially ruined by any judicial proceedings against them. The cost of saving a few hours of academic study is not worth it in the big picture of life of any student. Plagiarism is also a major problem for academic facilities as well. The schools could lose there accreditation if it was discovered the work of their students was not original but merely recycled work of other students or†¦show more content†¦Otherwise, you will be hiding someone’s ideas and suggesting it were yours (Fastfacts: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity, 2005, p.4). It is important to identify the difference between the information and idea from the source and your own. According to the â€Å"When to Document† paragraph 2, Avoiding Plagiarism (2006), common knowledge information does not require documentation. It defines common knowledge as â€Å"widely known information about current events, famous people, geographical facts, or familiar history† (When to Document, paragraph 2, Avoiding Plagiarism, 2006). Common knowledge may vary from person to person. It is a common knowledge to you but may not be for me. Generally, knowledge that could be found in a general reference book is common knowledge. With a lot of information in mind, some students start writing the paper with their own words and may not be aware that they have already implied someone’s information or ideas in their writing. As per Fastfacts: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity, 2005, p.10, golden rules of avoiding plagiarism, re-phrasing the information or ideas into your own words does not eliminate the need of citation. You must give credit in a citation reference page to the source of information even though you phrased them in your words. According to the articles â€Å"Seven Rules†, paragraph 2, Avoiding PlagiarismShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism and Citation Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism: Writing can be a difficult task for some people. For those people, before they start writing, the first thing they do is probably idea gathering, maybe looking for relate article on newspaper or magazine, look up some definition in the dictionary, check the World Wide Web, or even take a trip to the library. Often, they found what they are looking for, and before they know it, they start copying it, maybe a couple of word, few sentence, other people ¡Ã‚ ¦s idea, or they even copy theRead MoreEssay On Plagiarism1381 Words   |  6 Pagesyour eighth grade lesson on plagiarism and now you have no idea what it is or anything about it. On top of everything else, you now need to create a bibliography for a paper that if plagiarized, could cost you your entire grade for the class. Luckily for you, this paper will provide you with the definition of plagiarism, why you should document your sources, and information and differences between two citation formats, MLA and APA. What is plagiarism?, you ask. Plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involvesRead MorePlagiarism in College Work Essay example656 Words   |  3 Pages Plagiarism takes various forms. A student may cheat doing something as extreme as purchasing a paper, hiring someone to write a paper or turning in a paper freely provided by a friend. Many students unknowingly commit Plagiarism by failing to properly cite their sources crediting the authors. Still others cite, but plagiarize by coping much too much and writing far, far too little of their own synthesized thoughts and ideas. Students must be careful about copying too much. If a paper is mostlyRead MorePlagiarism: These Words Are Not Yours. Eddie N Hudson,1341 Words   |  6 Pages Plagiarism: These Words Are Not Yours Eddie N Hudson, Jr. Augusta University Abstract Plagiarism is a word that is introduced as early as elementary school. Students are encouraged when writing research papers to use their own words. The rough draft is marked with the stains of red ink and a comment saying â€Å"these words are not yours.† This paper will give you a definition and different types of plagiarism. You will also be provided with steps to prevent plagiarism. Citations areRead MorePlagiarism in Research Writing Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism comes about when a person uses words or ideas from another person’s work but fails to credit the source of the ideas or words. Scholarly work of any nature mainly requires the writing of dissertations, treatises or term papers in the world of academia. Students in institutions of higher learning, as part of the course work, carry out research and present their results in the form of dissertations or term papers. The assignments’ formatting usually follows standards namely the Americ anRead MorePlagiarism in College Writing1077 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism in College Writing Introduction Plagiarism occurs in many forms. Self-plagiarism and inadvertent plagiarism are two forms of plagiarism. Students plagiarize for many reasons. Self-plagiarism is a form of plagiarism that is difficult to detect and often over looked. Inadvertent plagiarism is often caused by sloppy work and poor citation preparation skills. Proper education and practicing citations along with the use of online tools will assist the student inRead MoreEssay On Plagiarism1306 Words   |  6 PagesBenjmain Bell Professor Malena Prinzing CIS 50 21 September 2017 Plagiarism in College Work Plagiarism takes various forms. A student may plagiarize doing something as extreme as purchasing a paper, hiring someone to write a paper or turning in a paper freely provided by a friend. Many students unknowingly commit Plagiarism by failing to properly cite their sources crediting the authors. Still others cite, but plagiarize by copying much too much and writing far, far too little of their own synthesizedRead MoreCOLL100 QUIZ 21491 Words   |  6 Pagesin either the reference or citation.   B.omit the date in the citation but use the acronym n.d. (no date) in the reference page.   C.use the acronym n.d. (no date) in both the citation and reference.   D.bold the source. Question 3 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Read this section of text from the APUS   Plagiarism Policy (2014,  http://www.apus.edu/student-handbook/academic-dishonesty/index.htm) :    The most frequently observed form of academic dishonesty is plagiarism. Plagiarism is the adoption or incorporationRead More The Problems of Plagiarism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism is an academic misconduct in which students use someone’s ideas or information in their work without proper referencing. While western culture insists that sources of words, ideas, images, sounds be documented for academic purposes, â€Å"plagiarism is now recognized as a serious problem especially in university where students are just copying words from web sites or someone else’s work† (The Owl At Purdue, 2007 ). According to East (2006, p.16), â€Å"many Australian universities are now developingRead MoreBe Careful Not to Plagairize Essay666 Words   |  3 Pages According to the Harvard Guide to Use Sources, it is considered plagiarism if you use a language or report and turn it in as your own without appropriately crediting the sources used. On the sources that you used to gather information, if you can not locate the author, make sure to scroll down and look everywhere for an author. If you cannot locate an author, make sure that you appropriately cite the website in your bibliography. Although it may seem obvious, while you use the Internet to gather

Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: In an organisation, the effective communication plays an important role as the manager has to coordinate all the functions and employees which involves liaison. This role of manager not only requires the communication with the internal organisation but also to external environment which includes stakeholders (Yukl, 2013). Manager should include formal and informal communication in its channel so that easy transmission of information should be there. Development of personnel is a tedious task for manager as all the personnel comes from different backgrounds, following different beliefs, having different cultures and acceptability. There is always adoption of one common way so that each and every individual can follow, implement and learn. Setting up of the organisational goals by manager, shows the results which manager wants to achieve in the future course of time. Setting objectives and goals can be made easy when organisation is following the decentralisation; all the decisions can be taken without waiting for the approval by the top level heads (Alfes, Truss, Soane, Rees and Gatenby, 2013). Manager has to support the performance of individuals by giving them directions how to implement the task and achieve best results out of that. By proper communicating and coordinate the activities, manager can easily manage maintain the relation between internal and external environment (Cascio, 2018). Improving process and quality includes trained the new technologies and updating to employees on the job. Development of employees will lead to improvement in process and quality of products and proper vision by the manager should be there. Functions of Manager: Planning is nothing but a gap between where the company is standing today and where manager want that company to reach. All the decisions related to expansion, diversification and other activities are taken by the manager in planning decision. Company plans in advance what activities they have to do, how they will do it and who will going to perform that activity in the organisation. Organising refers to the arrangement of resources and assignment of duties to the employees and establishing authority relationship among them (Child, 2015). Organising includes all the allocation of work or tasks and resources to the employees for implementation of work. Staffing includes recruitment, selection, training and development of personnel and giving them adequate remuneration. This function performed by manager for the right selection of employees at right time for performing the task in the organisation. After following all these above functions, manager gives the direction to the employees how to implement the activity in real in the organisation for achievement of goals. Directing involves supervision over employees working, motivating them and communicating all the important information (Fayol, 2016). After all the resources are put in place, managers work yet not complete as he has to do the correcting work. This work includes measuring the differences in expected and actual results and if the results are not matching to the expectations then corrective measures were taken by the manager. Challenges and risks: Maintain the quality as well as quality in the time when prices are at its peak. Challenge for manager is to provide a good amount of quantity with good quality standards of product (Murray-Webster, and Hillson, 2016). Manager has to maintain the balance between the quantity and quality of the product in that particular cost only. Timely converting the goals or objectives into results is a job of manager. Manager has to complete the task with efficient utilisation of resources and within the time sanctioned. Updating the technology timely is a challenging task for a manager. Implementing new technology in a new organisation depicts employees smartness and ability to understand new changes done in the organisation. In a recent interview of Coca Cola Amantil, manager has accepted the fact that they are facing the problem in managing the risk and finding the new banks for the deposit of money. This is because of the reason that the credit rating companies has pushed the rating of company to the downside (Global Capital, 2012). The environment in which the business is operating is keeps on changing day to day. The manager has to work in that complicated environment and have to face the changes on daily basis. In the market there are always availability of new opportunities and threats the manager has to find that by scanning the business environment (Reason, 2016). Customers choices and preferences are changing very frequently. Now customer prefers to have more of health conscious drinks. Although Coca-Cola is offering a wide variety of products for diet conscious and health conscious customer but then also there is a high competition in the market as close substitutes are available like Pepsi. Impact of values, ethics and diversity on culture and role of manager: Values are just the fundamental beliefs of an individual and the principle of doing the right and justice within organisation and should have to follow the organisation prescribed values. The relationship between the employee performance and organisational values plays a significant role in the organisation for the employee satisfaction (Hannington, 2016). These values include optimum utilisation of resources, doing work with innovation and creativity, coordination with the employees, communication about information and grievances and showing integrity and loyalty towards the organisation. The value of the companies governs the policies, procedures, strategies and appraisals for the company. Values also affect the products offered by the company as it includes how the product will sale and to be offer to public. Ethics are the beliefs of an individual that governs their moral values, honesty, integrity, confidentiality and justice. Business ethics is a field in which cod of conduct of business has been followed by seeing corporate responsibility and taking social and legal factors in mind. Mostly businesses do the ethical advertisement of their product to have good brand image of product and Company in the minds of customers (Sacconi, 2012). Company tries to charge a price which is relevant as customers are price sensitive to this factor. If a company offers a product advantages and disadvantages with full transparency then this activity is considered to be an ethical. In Coca-Cola Amatil, the ethics and code of conduct of business in the organisation has been already defined that how individuals have to perform a role or activity in an ethical manner. This code of conduct includes honesty and integrity in the working of employees and these workings are transparent to the stakeholders. Coca-Cola is following the concept of providing the good quality products to the consumer. Decisions by individuals are made with justice, fairness and impartiality. Following ethics is important in every organisation as it increases the confidence in consumer that company is ethical in nature and its activities and does not provide any adulterated products (Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson and Mumford, 2012). It also increases the corporate goodwill of the company by ethical behaviour in society and can also reduce their financial liabilities. Diversity of culture is nothing but an individual values, norms and tradition which they follow and judge, interact, percept others on that basis. It is difference in the caste, sex, religion; culture and social abilities of an individual (Hofhuis, van der Zee, and Otten, 2012). Implementing diversity in the organisation is difficult as it include all individuals from different backgrounds and having different beliefs and influencing individuals to together come up with the same norms, policies and rules and beliefs cannot be done in a one stroke (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). So implementing a diversity culture adoption is a long way activity which managers have to perform. Coca-Cola also facing the diversity challenge as it has a wide geographical reach so it has to maintain the rules according to that only. The company has facing many problems because of diversification in culture like company is spending a high cost for maintaining the diversity. Company is providing training and mentoring regarding the diversity in culture throughout the branches in world (Irefin, and Mechanic, 2014). Coca-Cola is trying to maintain the work life balance possible for individuals. Some employees are also file suit on the company on the ground of discrimination on the basis of race or diversity. From the above discussion, we can conclude that the coca cola is a leading brand in the soft drink field. To manage this leading position, organisational structure is an essential component in the organisation and managing the structure is the work of manager. Manager is responsible for managing the structure effectively and efficiently while communicating and coordinating with all the related aspects affecting the organisation. Conclusion: In todays competitive environment, manager has to perform complex task and are facing many challenges in risk in operating the organisations working. Financial risk, dealing in dynamic environment, changes in consumer preferences all are working as a barrier for efficient working of a manager. Manager has to survive in the environment while following the rules and policies made by the organisation and also have to perform the activities according to the norms, values and in an ethical manner. Performing the activities in an ethical manner and coordinating with the diversified culture is also done by managers. Values, ethics are made in organisation for maintaining the same rules and regulations for all the employees and to have a corporate goodwill. For having an ethical and value image in the eyes of public, the company also do the CSR activities. Company can also use other methods for having an ethical image in the eyes of consumer like company can introduce a campaign, or can do t he promotional activities. References: Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human resource management,52(6), pp.839-859. Yukl, G.A., 2013.Leadership in organizations. Pearson Education India. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Fayol, H., 2016. General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Global Capital, (2012).Interview: Coca-Cola Amatil facing challenges in managing credit risk. [online]. Available at: https://www.globalcapital.com/article/k39kwlmxhlkn/interview-coca-cola-amatil-faces-challenges-in-managing-credit-risk. [ACCESSED ON 27th march 2018] Reason, J., 2016.Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Murray-Webster, R. and Hillson, D., 2016.Managing group risk attitude. Routledge. Hannington, T., 2016.How to measure and manage your corporate reputation. Routledge. Sacconi, L., 2012.The social contract of the firm: economics, ethics and organisation. Springer Science Business Media. Thiel, C.E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J.F. and Mumford, M.D., 2012. Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), pp.49-64. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615.. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Hofhuis, J., van der Zee, K.I. and Otten, S., 2012. Social identity patterns in culturally diverse organizations: The role of diversity climate.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,42(4), pp.964-989. Irefin, P. and Mechanic, M.A., 2014. Effect of employee commitment on organizational performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno state.Journal of Humanities and Social Science, pp.33-41. Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. and Jacob, I., 2011. Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education.

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay Example For Students

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay The Five Factor Model of PersonalityThe precise definition of personality has been a point of discussionamongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since thebeginning of civilisation. Personality can be defined as the distinctive andcharacteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define anindividuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with theenvironment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith Bem, 1993: 525). It can be proposedthat personality psychology has two different tasks. The first involvesspecifying the variables on which individuals differ from one another. Thesecond involves synthesising the psychological processes of human functioninginto an integrated account of the total person (Atkinson et al., 1993: 532). We will write a custom essay on The Five Factor Model of Personality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are many different theories of personality and many different theorists. The purpose of this essay is to examine the trait approach, specifically thefive-factor model. Both the development and limitations of the Five-Factor modelof personality shall be discussed. Trait theory is based on several assumptions. The first assumption isthat any difference between people that is seen as significant will have a name. Secondly, these names, known as traits, are conceived of as continuousdimensions. In general, trait theories assume that people vary simultaneously ona number of personality factors. These traits are of both the conjunctive anddisjunctive form. Therefore, to understand a trait, it is necessary tounderstand what a particular trait is and what type of behaviour is evidence ofthat trait. (Atkinson et al., 1993). Five factor theorists are one set of traittheorists. The claim of five factor theorists is that behaviour can be bestpredicted and explained by measurement of five dominant personality factors. Thefive factor theory is a fairly recent proposal and has its basis in earlier work,which shall be discussed. One of the statistical techniques most commonly used in the study ofpersonality is that of factor analysis: By identifying groups of highly intercorrelated variables, factor analysis enables us todetermine how many underlying factors are measured by a set of original variables. In other words, factor analysis is used to uncover the factor structure of a set of variables. (Diekhoff, 1992: 333)A factor analysis will generally show that a smaller numberof factors represents the same information as the original number of variables. Once the variables making up the factors have been identified, some of theredundant variables may be removed (Diekhoff, 1992). As such, a large number oftraits may be reduced to a number of personality factors. The procedure offactor analysis was a significant part of both the development and criticism ofthe five personality factor theory, as well as the theories on which it is based. An experiment conducted by Allport and Oddbert (1936, cited in Goldberg,1990) was based on the assumption that a dictionary contains a list of everypossible trait name. Oddbert and Allport took every word from a dictionary thatrelated to personality descriptors. This list was then revised to removesynonyms and unclear or doubtful words. Another researcher, Raymond Cattell(1945, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) further revised the Allport-Oddbert listto 171 words. A study was then conducted by Cattell on a group of subjects whowere asked to rate people they knew on the 171 traits. The results were factoranalysed and 12 personality factors were found. However, 4 additional factorswere found by analysing self-ratings. Cattell concluded that, in the adult human,16 personality factors were dominant. Eyesenck, (1953, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) was another majortheorist to use factor analysis. Although using the same basic approach asCattell, Eyesenck used a more discriminatory factor analysis which resulted infar less than 16 factors. Eyesencks major factors are introversion-extroversion and neuroticism. These are believed to be ordinal factors and assuch, scores on each dimension are independent of one another. The majority offuture studies concluded that the actual number of personality factors, forwhich there is significant evidence, is between Eyesencks two and Cattells 16. Since Cattells study, many researchers have conducted similar studies,or re-analysis of Cattells original data. Most of the researchers, such asNorman (1967, cited in Merenda, 1993) found support for far less than 16personality factors. At most, it was generally concluded that there are betweenthree and seven factors of personality. As a compromise, many researchers agreethat there are five personality factors, as suggested by Normans original work(1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990). Support for the Five-Factor model comes fromcurrent researchers such as McCrae and Costa (1985) and Goldberg and Saucier(1995). Opposition to the theory is also abundant, such as the work of JackBlock (1995). .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postImageUrl , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:visited , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active { border:0!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Ethics EssayAll trait theorists agree that there is a finite number of traits onwhich people have a score. The exact number of traits is still currently apoint of contention amongst theorists. However, today we believe it is morefruitful to adopt the working hypothesis that the five-factor model ofpersonality is essentially correct. (McCrae John, 1992: 175). There is alsostill disagreement among analysts as to factor titles (John, 1990: 96). Manywriters have adopted the names used by Norman (1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990)which are; extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stabilityand culture. For simplicity, this is the version of the five facto r model thatshall be adopted for this essay. The best known limitations of the five factor model of personalityrelate to the problems of trait theory in general. Trait approaches are directedprimarily at specifying the variables of personality. There is little dealingwith the dynamic processes of personality functioning. Traits are staticentities and more complete theories of personality, such as those of Eyesenck,come from a combination of trait theory with another psychological theory. Forexample, Eyesenck adopted a learning theory to combine with trait theory. Assuch, trait theory, and therefore the five factor model, do not deal with alarge aspect of personality: change. Mischel (1968, cited in Atkinson et al. 1993) is perhaps the best knowncritic of the trait theorists. Basically Mischel states that the underlyingassumption of the approach may be untrue: people may have such dynamicpersonalities that they do not possess trait-like characteristics. Mischel alsoclaims that there should be a high correlation between scores on a trait measurefor a subject and performance in a situation where that trait is evoked. However,according to Mischel, the correlation is extremely low. Mischel further arguesthat knowing a persons traits does not help predict their behaviour andmeasures of the same trait do not correlate highly with one another. Althoughthis criticism seems almost perfect, there is still a large number of traittheorists. Their responses to Mischels criticism shall be evaluated. The main defence of the trait approach comes in two forms. Firstly aconceptual form in which Mischels understanding of what makes up a trait isquestioned. The second form of defence comes from a methodological perspective,where the measurement of trait behaviour is examined. To be able toappropriately comment on trait theory, it is important to understand exactlywhat a trait is. McCrae and Costa (1995) suggest that not every person has everytrait. Therefore it is possible to confuse descriptors of behaviour with traits. There needs to be consistencies of behaviour to evidence a trait. Also traitscan be of either a conjunctive or disjunctive type. It has been suggested thatthe evidence suggested by Mischel is invalid because aggression was seen asconjunctive when it is actually disjunctive. Correcting this mistake couldsignificantly increase the correlation between different measures of the sametrait. As such, one criticism of Mischel may be answered. The second defence of trait theory examines the research method used byMischel. It is proposed that it is necessary to have many more than oneobservation of behaviour, before comparing behaviour to trait scores. Thereasoning behind this argument is that each trait test has at least 20 to 40items. As such, there should be at least half as many observations. A singlequestion test would be unacceptable and therefore a single observation ofbehaviour should also be unacceptable. Another possible experimental error mayhave occurred due to moderator variables. Moderator variables such as sex ofsubject may change the correlation between behaviour and trait scores. If thesevariables are controlled for, the correlation may significantly increase andMischels criticism may need to be re-evaluated. Cattells 16pf, the predecessor of the five factor model, also had asignificant limitation. The 16 pf had a low predictive power of performance ofa subject on a given test, when used alone. However, the personality profileswhich can be created using the 16pf are reasonably effective in an appliedsituation in predicting adjustment of an individual entering a particular group. Also, the performance predicting power of the 16 pf can be improved by givingthe 16pf and correlating it to some measure of the persons performance. Multiple regression can then be used to weight each of the 16pf factors so thatcorrelation between the 16pf score and performance is at maximum. This gives amore satisfactory prediction of performance using the 16pf, yet its predictivepower is still quite low. The 16pf is still used in many applied situationsbecause no other psychological tool is available with better predictive power. .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postImageUrl , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:visited , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast cancer 2 EssaySince the five factor model is based on the 16pf, this limitation is alsoapplicable to the five factor model. It is possible to suggest that the limitations pertaining to the traitapproach and 16pf are insignificant or not applicable to the big five model ofpersonality. However, there are limitations that specifically relate to thismodel. Jack Block (1995) and Dan McAdams (1992) are the main theorists toevaluate the five factor model specifically and examine its limitations. Blocks criticisms are answered by theorists such as McCrae and Costa (1995) andGoldberg and Saucier (1995). The basis of Blocks argument is that it is uncertain that all importanttrait-descriptive terms are representatively distributed in language. Forinstance, collectively suppressed traits might be unrepresented. Another majorpoint is that the Big Five are very broad and might not differentiate accuratelyenough for practical applications. For example, assigning people to high, middleand low on each of the factors gives 243 personality types, which may be enoughtypes but doesnt solve the broadness problem. Block suggests a few changes toprocedure should be adopted but admits my suggestions are mild, obvious andentail scientific sobriety coupled with slow, hard work aiming to educe orderfrom the present jumbled empiricism characterising personality psychology. (Block, 1995: 209). Both Costa and McCrae (1995) and Goldberg and Saucier (1995) suggestthat Block has lost sight of why the five factor model was developed. Blockcriticises the model for not being applicable to practical situations when itspurpose is to describe the full range of personality traits. Blocks criticismalso does not distinguish between the Big Five model from alternativemodels of the causal underpinnings of personality differences (Goldberg Saucier, 1995: 221). A large amount of crucial evidence supporting the Big Fivemodel is also left out of the criticism. Each reply also suggests that Blocksclosing suggestions provide few specific proposals of alternative models. McAdams (1992) critical appraisal of the five-factor model outlinesseveral major limitations. McAdams views the five-factor model as essentially apsychology of the stranger, providing information about persons that one wouldneed to know when one knows nothing about them. It is argues that because ofinherent limitations, the Big Five may be viewed as one important model inpersonality studies but not the integrative model of personality. Some of thelimitations described are those applicable to all trait theories and one appliesto the 16pf and any theories based on the 16pf. However, two limitationsspecific to the five factor model are discussed. The main limitation specific to the five factor model of personality arefirstly a failure to offer a program for studying personality organisation andintegration and secondly a reliance on statements about individuals by otherindividuals. The extent to which the five-factor model is a major advance inpersonality study therefore depends on what is hoped to be gained in the field. If personality study is interested in the study of observers trait ratings, thebig five model is extremely useful. If the purpose of the field is also toinvestigate observers attributions about individual differences the five-factor model is less significant. If the study of personality aims to emphasisethe whole person and the dynamic nature of personality, the model seems to beonly of minor concern. As such, from the view of multifaceted personology, thefive-factor model is one model in personality not the model of personality(McAdams, 1992: 355). In conclusion, the support and criticisms of the five factor model arenot as black and white as would be hoped. Each argument has logical reasoningand can provide evidence to support itself. Each view also has a large number ofsupporters. Neither one is necessarily correct, as it is possible for the modelto be applicable at some stages, and not applicable at others. As a result, itis probable and acceptable to conclude that the five factor theory may or maynot be an appropriate model of personality. Perhaps a comparison of how muchsupporting literature there is for each argument is a useful method for decidingwhich theory an individual may choose to support. Philosophy

Hypostatizationâ€Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language

Hypostatization- Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language The fallacy of Reification- Also known as  Hypostatization- is very similar to the Equivocation Fallacy, except that instead of using one word and changing its meaning through the argument, it involves taking a word with a normal usage and giving it an invalid usage. Specifically, Reification involves ascribing substance or real existence to mental constructs or concepts. When human-like qualities are attributed as well, we also have anthropomorphization. Examples and Discussion of the Hypostatization Fallacy Here are some ways in which the fallacy of reification can occur in various arguments: 1. The government has a hand in everybodys business and another in every persons pocket. By limiting such governmental pickpocketing, we can limit its incursions on our freedom.2. I cant believe that the universe would allow humans and human achievement just to fade away, therefore there must be a God and an afterlife where all will be preserved. These two arguments demonstrate two different ways that the fallacy of Reification can be used. In the first argument, the concept of government is assumed to have attributes like desire which more properly belong to volitional creatures, like people. There is an unstated premise that it is wrong for a person to put their hands in your pocket and it is concluded that it is also immoral for the government to do the same. What this argument ignores is the fact that a government is simply a collection of people, not a person itself. A government has no hands, therefore it cannot pickpocket. If the governments taxing of the people is wrong, it must be wrong for reasons other than a too-literal association with pickpocketing. Actually dealing with those reasons and exploring their validity is undermined by eliciting an emotional reaction by using the pickpocketing metaphor. This arguably means that we also have a fallacy of Poisoning the Well. In the second example above, the attributes being used are more human which means that this example of reification is also anthropomorphization. There is no reason to think that the universe, as such, really cares about anything- including humans beings. If it is not capable of caring, then the fact that it does not care is not a good reason to believe that it will miss us after we are gone. Thus, it is invalid to construct a logical argument which relies upon the assumption that the universe does care. Sometimes atheists create an argument using this fallacy which is similar to example #1, but which involves religion: 3. Religion attempts to destroy our liberty and is therefore immoral. Once again, religion has no volition because it is not a person. No human-created belief system can try to either destroy or build anything. Various religious doctrines are certainly problematic, and it is true that many religious people attempt to undermine liberty, but it is muddled thinking to confuse the two. Of course, it should be noted that hypostatization or reification is really just the use of metaphor. These metaphors become fallacies when they are taken too far and conclusions are formed on the basis the metaphor. It can be very useful to employ metaphors and abstractions in what we write, but they carry a danger in that we can begin to believe, without realizing it, that our abstract entities have the concrete attributes we metaphorically ascribe to them. How we describe a thing has a great influence on what we believe about it. This means that our impression of reality is often structured by the language we use to describe reality. Because of this, the fallacy of reification should teache us to be careful in how we describe things, lest we begin to imagine that our description has an objective essence beyond the language itself.

Seal and Sea Lion Facts

Seal and Sea Lion Facts With their expressive eyes, furry appearance and natural curiosity, seals have a wide appeal. Native to polar, temperate and tropical waters on the planet, seals are also known to vocalize: a captive male harbor seal named Hoover was taught to vocalize English with a prominent New England accent. Fast Facts: Seals and Sea Lions Scientific Name: Phocidae spp (seals), and Otariidae spp (fur seals and sea lions)  Common Name(s): Seals, fur seals, sea lionsBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Range from 4–13 feet longWeight: Range between 85–4,000 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Polar, temperate, and tropical seasPopulation: Unknown, but in the hundreds of millionsConservation Status: Tropical seals and sea lions have suffered the most from human and climatic changes. Two species are threatened; seven are currently classed as endangered.   Description Seals and sea lions are highly evolved for swimming, including flippers, a streamlined fusiform (tapered at both ends) shape, thick insulation in the form of fur and/or subcutaneous layer of blubber, and increased visual acuity for foraging at extremely low light levels.   Seals and sea lions are in the order Carnivora and suborder Pinnipedia, along with walruses. Seals and fur seals are related to bears, descended from an otter-like terrestrial ancestor, and they all have a more or less aquatic lifestyle.   Toshi Miyamoto/Getty Images   Species Seals are divided into two families: the Phocidae, the earless or true seals (e.g., harbor or common seals), and the Otariidae, the eared seals (e.g., fur seals and sea lions). The pinnipeds include 34 species and 48 subspecies. The largest species is the southern elephant seal, which can grow up to about 13 feet in length and more than 2 tons in weight. The smallest species is the Galapagos fur seal, which grows to up to about 4 feet long and weighs about 85 pounds. The species have evolved to their environment, and the handful of those species which are listed as threatened or endangered are those who live in the tropics where human interference is possible. The arctic and subarctic species are mostly doing well. Two species, the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus) and Caribbean monk seal (Noemonachus tropicalis) have become extinct in recent times.   Habitat Seals are found from polar to tropical waters. The greatest diversity and abundance among seals and sea lions are found at temperate and polar latitudes. Only three phocid species- all of the monk seals- are tropical and they are all either highly endangered or, in two cases, extinct. The fur seals are also found in the tropics, but their absolute abundance is low.   The most abundant pinniped is the crabeater seal, which lives in the Antarctic pack ice; the ringed seal in the Arctic is also quite abundant, with numbers in the millions.  In the U.S., the most well-known (and watched) concentrations of seals are in California and New England. Diet The diet of seals is varied depending on the species, but most eat primarily fish and squid. Seals find prey by detecting prey vibrations using their whiskers (vibrissae).   Seals and sea lions are mostly fish-eaters, although most of the species also eat squid, mollusks, crustaceans, marine worms, sea birds, and other seals. The ones that eat mostly fish specialize in oil-bearing species like eels, herrings, and anchovies because they swim in shoals and are easy to catch, and are good energy sources.   Crabeater seals feed almost entirely on Antarctic krill, while sea lions eat sea birds and Antarctic fur seals are fond of penguins. Image Source/Getty Images Behavior Seals can dive deeply and for extended periods (up to 2 hours for some species) because they have a higher concentration of hemoglobin in their blood and their large amounts of myoglobin in their muscles (both hemoglobin and myoglobin are oxygen-carrying compounds). When diving or swimming, they store oxygen in their blood and muscles and dive for longer periods than humans can. Like cetaceans, they conserve oxygen when diving by restricting blood flow to only vital organs and slowing their heart rates by about 50 percent to 80 percent. In particular, elephant seals exhibit tremendous stamina while diving for their food. Each elephant seal dive averages about 30 minutes in length, with only a couple of minutes between dives, and they have been seen maintaining that schedule for months on end. Elephant seals can dive up to 4,900 feet deep and stay down as long as two hours. One study of northern elephant seals showed that their heart rates dropped from a resting rate at the waters surface of 112 beats per minute, to 20–50 beats per minute when diving. Pinnipeds produce a variety of sounds, both in air and water. Many of the sounds are apparently individual recognition or reproductive displays, but some have been taught to learn human phrases. The most famous is a captive male harbor seal at the New England Aquarium named Hoover (1971–1985). Hoover was trained to produce a variety of phrases in English, such as Hey! Hey! Come over here! with a noticeable New England accent. Although little is known about sound production and acoustic communications as of yet, seals, sea lions, and walruses do have some voluntary control over their sound emissions, perhaps related to their ability to adapt to diving. In polar environments, seals restrict blood flow to their skin surface to keep from releasing internal body heat to the ice and freezing water. In warm environments, the reverse is true. Blood is sent toward the extremities, allowing heat to release into the environment and letting the seal cool its internal temperature. Reproduction and Offspring Because of their highly developed insulating fur- polar seals and sea lions must regulate their body temperatures between 96.8–100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (36–38 Celsius) in frigid waters- they must give birth on land or ice and remain there until the pups have built up enough insulation to withstand the cold temperatures. In many cases, mother seals must be separated from their foraging grounds to take care of their offspring: if they can locate on ice, they can still feed and not abandon the pups, but on land, in groups called rookeries, they must limit their lactation periods so they can go without eating for a period of four or five days. Once the pups have been born, there is a postpartum estrus period, and most females are mated within a few days of the last birth. Mating takes place at the rookeries, and the males exercise extreme polygyny in these dense aggregations, with one male fertilizing many females. In most seals and sea lions, gestation lasts just under a year. It takes between three and six years for pups to reach sexual maturity; females produce only one pup a year, and only about 75 percent survive. Female seals and sea lions live between 20 and 40 years. John Borthwick/Getty Images  Ã‚   Threats Natural predators of seals include sharks, orcas (killer whale), and polar bears. Seals have long been commercially hunted for their pelts, meat, and blubber. The Caribbean monk seal was hunted to extinction, with the last record reported in 1952. Human threats to seals include pollution (e.g., oil spills, industrial pollutants, and competition for prey with humans). Conservation Status Today, all pinnipeds are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in the U.S. and there are several species protected under the Endangered Species Act (e.g., Steller sea lion, Hawaiian monk seal.) Threatened species include the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus, near threatened). Endangered species include the Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) Galapagos fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis); Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica), Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), and Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi). Sources Boyd, I. L. Seals. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2019. 634–40. Print.Braje, Todd J., and Torben C. Rick, eds. Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. Print.Castellini, M. Marine Mammals: At the Intersection of Ice, Climate Change, and Human Interactions. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2018. 610–16. Print.Kirkwood, Roger, and Simon Goldsworth. Fur Seals and Sea Lions. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, 2013.Reichmuth, Colleen, and Caroline Casey. Vocal Learning in Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (2014): 66–71. Print.Riedman, Marianne. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Berkeley: U niversity of California Press, 1990. Print. Tyack, Peter L., and Stephanie K. Adamczak. Marine Mammal Overview. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2019. 572–81. Print.

The genre of dystopian novel from We by Zamyatin to 1984 by Orwell Research Paper

The genre of dystopian novel from We by Zamyatin to 1984 by Orwell - Research Paper Example Therefore, Clute and Nicholl (p.361) defines dystopia as a fictional society or community, which is in some crucial way frightening or undesirable. Dystopias are most of the time characterized by dehumanization, environmental disasters, autocratic governments, and other traits associated with a catalystic decline in the society. We by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell can be categorized as dystopian stories because they are characterized with the following: backstory, hero, conflict, and climax. First, since back story is part of the fictional world, a back story is necessary of how this world came to be or how it evolved from our current world. Secondly, the hero/protagonist intuitively feels something is wrong within the society and sets out to alter it, such as D-503 in Zamyatin’s We and Winston Smith in George Orwell’s 1984 .Next, in the conflict, the protagonists meets and is sometimes assisted by a group of individuals who are also attempting to escape or destroy the dy stopia. Lastly, in the climax of dystopian literature like We by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell, the dystopia is often not brought down, thus the stories remain unresolved. The elements of dystopias differ from political, environmental and social issues. The dystopian societies as the one depicted in We by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell culminated in a wide series of sub-genres of fiction and were utilized to raise awareness of the real world issues in relation to environment, religion, society, politics, economics, technology, and psychology, if left unaddressed, led to a dystopia-like condition in the future. Currently, dystopias have taken the form of a multitude of speculations, for example, poverty, pollution, political repression, and societal collapse. We is a classic dystopian novel that was set in the 26th century. Its message of hope and warning is as timely as the end of the 20th century as it was in the beginning (Parrinder, p.18). Yevgeny Zamyatin was a marine engineer and a Russian writer wrote this novel in 1919-1921. The novel was written as a consequence of author’s personal experiences during his life in the Newcastle suburb of Jesmond, the Russian revolution of 1905, and 1917, as well as the during his work in the Tyne shipyards during the First World War (Thomas, 314). This book by Zamyatin is one which ended up influencing other dystopian authors such George Orwell and Aldous Huxley. Orwell’s 1948 is a futuristic piece of work that the novelist chose to turn inside out the last two numbers of the year he had authored it, 1948 into 1984 to depict issues that would be solved by that time. Zamyatin is hailed as the grandfather of satirical futuristic dystopia genre. He goes ahead and takes the totalitarian and confirmative concepts of modern industrial society to a very extreme conclusion, portraying a state that trusts in free will which is the source of unhappiness, and that the lives of the general public is controlled with the mat hematical precision founded on the system of industrial efficiency which was formulated by Fredrick Taylor (Clute and Nicholl, 85). An examination of myths and symbols show that Zamyatin’s work is easily comprehended as an internal drama of a conflicted modern man as compared to the external drama reality in a failed utopia. Furthermore, the city is laid out as a mandala which had many archeotypes and was subject to an archetypical conflict. The utilization of color and other forms of imagery depicts that Zamyatin advocated for the same subjectivist as had Kandinsky as well as other European Expressionist painters. Zamyatin’s We novel is considered to be the first dystopian novel, since it was influential in the formation of genre and important in any study of literature. Dystopian stories