With specific reference to the EU’s doctrine of direct effect, critically assess the extent to which EU law concerning commercial activities are enforceable within member states.

Introduction The extent to which EU legal rules and principles, concerning commercial activities, are enforceable within member states will be critically assessed in this essay. This will be done by reviewing certain aspects of EU law and considering the extent to which EU law can be invoked under the principle of direct effect. It will be shown that whilst individuals and businesses will be capable of invoking EU law through national courts, this will always be subject to restrictions to ensure that the market is not being distorted in anyway. Main Body The ‘direct effect’ principle is used to confer rights or impose obligations upon individuals in accordance with European Union (EU) law. National courts are bound under this principle to recognise and enforce certain EU legal rules and principles (Dashwood, 2008: 229). If EU law is inconsistent with a law of a member state, the doctrine of supremacy seeks to ensure that EU law prevails. Direct effect was first established in Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1 when it was held by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that individuals rights, as enshrined under the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, were capable of being invoked before the courts of EU member states. This case demonstrated how EC Treaty provisions were directly effective against members states, and was a welcoming development in ensuring that member states complied with their Treaty obligations. As a result of this doctrine, EU law is enfor ceable within all member states, which has an overall impact upon many commercial activities. This was recognised by Moens and Trone who pointed out that; â€Å"the importance of this unique feature lies in the fact that it is futile for business people to seek to invoke a legal act of an EU institution which could not be relied upon in a national court† (Moens and Trone, 2010: 367). Firstly, in order to be able to rely on a legal act of an EU institution, it is necessary to establish whether the act is directly effective. If the act is not directly effective, then its provisions cannot be relied upon in a national court (Moens and Trone, 2010: 367). The ECJ in Van Gend en Loos formulated a test to determine whether a treaty provision has direct effect. In doing so, it was noted that a treaty provision will be directly effective where â€Å"a) its text is clear and unambiguous; b) it imposes and unconditional prohibition; and c) its implementation does not depend upon any further legislative action by the Member States† (Moens and Trone, 2010: 367). It was made clear in Case 2/74, Defrenne v SABENA [1974] ECR 631 that there exists two different types of direct effect; vertical and horizontal. Vertical direct effect is the relation between individuals and the state, whereas horizontal direct effect is the relation between individuals (Kaczorowska, 2013: 264). The ECJ in Belgische Radio en Televisie v SV Saban (127/73) [1974] ECR 51 held that the competition rules enshrined in Arts 101 (1) and 102 (previously Arts 81 (1) and 82 EC Treaty (TEC)) â€Å"tend by their very nature to produce direct effects in relations between i ndividuals†. National courts consequently have a duty to ensure that the relations between individuals are being adequately safeguarded. Arguably, individuals can not only seek protection under EU law against the state, but they can also seek protection against private individuals. Horizontal direct effect is generally used as a way for individuals to invoke EU legal rules and principles in respect of commercial activities. An example of this can be seen in Walrave v Association Union Internationale (36/74) [1974] ECR 1405; [1975] 1 CMLR 320 where the Court found that a measure, which affects a relationship between individuals, may be directly effective. Here, the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of nationality was deemed to have horizontal direct effect in respect of a relationship between individuals (employer and potential employee). Since the principle of direct effect was first established, citizens and undertakings have benefited substantially because of the fact that individual rights have been conferred upon them which the national authorities and courts must safeguard under EU law (Europa, 2013: 1). For example, Arts 101 and 102 TFEU are designed to ensure that competition within the EU is not restricted or distorted. This protects businesses and consumers from unfair competition and commercial practices by producing direct effects in relations between individuals. Art 101 (1) prohibits agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings or concreted practices which may affect trade between EU member states and which have as their object or effect their prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the EU as identified in Case C-41/90 Hofner and Elser [1991] ECR I-1979. Art 101 thus protects competitors and customers against dishonest behaviour, which is imperative in en suring free competition within the EU. The application of Art 101 has been subject to much controversy on the basis that it has been applied to broadly, thereby catching agreements that were not actually detrimental to competition (Whish, 2012: 115). This rendered Art 101 exorbitant and demonstrated the need for courts to apply it more rigidly (Bright, 1996: 535). Three categories of exemptions now apply to Art 101, namely; 1) commercial activities that are beneficial to consumers; 2) agreements of minor importance, and 3) block exemptions for different types of contract, such as vertical agreements (Bright, 1996: 535). As a result of these exemptions, the extent to which Art 101 is enforceable within member states is unclear and it is likely that consumers and businesses will have difficulty demonstrating that certain commercial activities fall within the ambit of this Article and subsequently invoking EU law against a private individual. EU competition law does not intend to stand in the way of legitimate commercial activities, but to instead promote and maintain fair competition within nation states (Europa, 2013: 1). Whilst this is often deemed necessary to prevent unfairness and to regulate anti-competitive conduct, unnecessary restraints are capable of being placed upon commercial activities (Rodger, et al; 2009: 103). Arguably, it is imperative that some exemptions do exist so that the application of Article 101 is not exorbitant. This ensures that any positive benefits stemming from an agreement are balanced against the restrictions that apply to Art 101. Article 102 TFEU is primarily aimed at preventing those undertakings who hold a dominant position in the market. Through the principle of direct effect, individuals will be capable of invoking this Article by showing that an undertaking who holds a dominant position in the market has abused its position as highlighted in Case 27/76, United Brands Continental BV v Commission (1978) ECR 207. Such abuse may include; unfair purchase selling prices, unfair trading conditions, restricting production and applying different provisions to similar transactions (Kennedy, 2011: 237). A degree of uncertainty surrounds the scope of Art 102 because of how serious a finding of infringement would be, which renders the extent to which Art 102 is being enforced in member states unclear. For a firm to be dominant, it is not necessary for there to exist no competition at all and instead it merely needs to be shown, as identified in Case 85/76 Hoffman-La Roche v Commission [1979] ECR 461, that the firm has an â€Å"appreciable influence on the conditions under which the competition develops†. It is likely to be extremely difficult for a private individual to establish that a firm has an appreciable influence on the conditions under which the competition develops and as such it is again questionable how far Art 102 will go in protecting private individuals and businesses through the principle of direct effect. Regulations are also subject to direct effect, meaning that they will be directly applicable in all EU member states, as provided for by Art 288 (ex Art 247 T EC). This was illustrated in Case C-253/00 Munoz [2002] ECR I-7289 when it was stated that â€Å"regulations operate to confer rights on individuals which the national courts have a duty to protect†. EU decisions and Directives are also directly effective in member states, as signified in Foster v British Gas (1990) C-188/89. This case exemplified the courts willingness to confer horizontal direct effect upon individuals and signified how EU law concerning commercial activities are enforceable within member states. Conclusion Overall, whilst there are some restrictions in place to regulate the application of EU law, it is evident that many EU rules and regulations will be capable of being enforced within all member states. This is necessary when it comes to commercial activities as it is important that some form of protection exists to prevent the market from being abused. The extent to which EU law applies will always be subject to some controversy because of the fact that certain exceptions will apply. Though this is necessary in preventing abuse and ensuring that a balance is being maintained. The extent to which this balance is achieved is likely to be open to much debate though it is evident that member states have made some attempt to invoke EU law provisions concerning commercial activities. References Bright, C. (1996) ‘EU Competition Policy: Rules, Objectives and Deregulation’ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 16, Issue 4, 535-559. Dashwood, A. (2008) ‘The Principle of Direct Effect in European Community Law’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Volume 16, Issue 3, 229-245. Europa. (2013) ’50 Years of Direct Effect of EU Law Benefitting Citizens and Companies’ Press Release Database, [Online] Available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_CJE-13-56_en.htm [27 August, 2014]. Rodger, B. MacCulloch, A. and Galloway, J. (2009) Cases and Materials on UK and EC Competition Law, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Kaczorowska, A. (2013) European Union Law, Routledge: London. Kennedy, T. P. (2011) European Law, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Moens, G. and Trone, J. (2010) Commercial Law of the European Union, Springer Science & Business Media: London. Whish, R. (2012) Competition Law, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Cases Belgische Radio en Televisie v SV Saban (127/73) [1974] ECR 51 Case 85/76 Hoffman-La Roche v Commission [1979] ECR 461 Case C-41/90 Hofner and Elser [1991] ECR I-1979 Case 27/76, United Brands Continental BV v Commission (1978) ECR 207 Defrenne v SABENA [1974] ECR 631 Foster v British Gas (1990) C-188/89 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen Case 26/62, [1963] ECR 1 Walrave v Association Union Internationale (36/74) [1974] ECR 1405; [1975] 1 CMLR 320

Presentation and Store Design Category

About Sephora Sephora is the leading chain of perfume and cosmetic stores in France and the second in Europe. There are over 1,600 Sephora stores in 27 countries, and over 340 of those have opened in North America since the first US store opened in 1998 in New York. Sephora is the originator of the open-sell prestige cosmetics model, which affords clients the ability to test and access any product in the assortment. Across the categories of Makeup, Fragrance and Skincare, brands are presented within a unified Sephora-driven presentation format to enable cross shopping, and clients are encouraged to touch and test all products. That point of differentiation is an essential part of our retail proposition and brand essence, and has proven effective in enabling clients to explore the complete range of brand offerings by category. In complement to this interactive and unified presentation of each brand in Sephora’s product mix, clients are guided through each world’s products with anchor presentations. These presentations highlight trends, explain how to combine products to customize a makeup look or skincare regimen, and bridge into potential service consultations or class registrations with our cast of experts. While much success has come from the breadth of products offered to clients, we have also discovered that the candy-store effect can be overwhelming. Clients love the access and choice, but frequently crave guidance to hone their selections. So balancing bounty with points of access is key to navigating our stores and assortments. Sephora aims to serve as a beauty editor, offering a vast array of products, but providing a curated point of view that helps each client delve into the selection best suited for her. THE STORE DESIGN CHALLENGE Sephora has a strong market presence in Makeup, Skincare and Fragrance, but is most known in North America for its Color (the internal term for the Makeup category) shopping experience. This model defines the brand and the remainder of the store’s format. The unbridled product access, the ability to trial any product in the store, and the sense of fun and interaction remain popular and engaging for our clients. But Sephora is interested in exploring how its Color experience might evolve to better evoke trends, more deeply engage clients in meaningful product exploration, and offer a less static feel from one client’s visit to her next. This challenge is to rethink the store’s formula for Color, preserving the defining and differentiating aspects of the opensell cosmetics model, but updating its look, feel and client experience. Students are to identify what they think is essential from the current in-store model, articulate the opportunities for evolution based on the added advantage created in the client’s shopping experience and engagement with the brand, and then propose a holistic concept presenting the evolution of the total Makeup department. The updated look, feel and client experience should allow implementation across the range of existing stores. Store sizes overall range from 3,800 to 6,000 square feet on average, with Color comprising approximately half the store. Entries should include a suite of core fixtures and features, complemented by interchangeable elements, with the demonstrable ability to reconfigure into a variety of spatial conditions. The fixturing suite should be unified in language, but may articulate through a range of elements and presentation methods. Modularity is essential, as is solving for the challenges of presenting small-scaled products in an organized and inviting way. The See-Try-Buy model at the heart of the Sephora store concept must be inherent in all presentation solutions. Sephora will supply the approved corporate logo, as well as its brand mark and red Pantone match, The Flame. The Sephora name is derived from the fusion of the Greek god Sappho with the biblical figure Zipporah, and the Flame is the representation of her enduring spirit. Along with the word mark and Flame, Sephora’s black and white stripes are a globally iconic branding element, used with purpose as part of the storefront architecture. Derivations and references to these brand codes may be considered in the design of the fixturing programs, but should be treated with a level of sophistication. Sephora stores are black and white, with judicial use of red accents. Color may be introduced through graphics or visual merchandising, but all store fixture elements must adhere to this branded color palette. Complementary metal finishes are permitted, as are variations in the materiality and proportional relationship of the brand colors. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS †¢ The current fixture program is composed of two core fixtures. A â€Å"linear† – the store’s base wall unit – and a gondola – the makeup category’s base floor unit. Sephora creates these base modules, and then ndividual brands work with Sephora to customize the tray components to each season’s assortments and stories. These trays are updatable and interchangeable to any position within the linear and gondola system; this function must be preserved in the design concept. †¢ Limitations of the current fixture program include a lack of flexibility to create more varied spatial configurations and presentations, a static graphic communication system, and an overall feeling of being fixture-heavy and cumbersome. Fixtures should focus more on the product and storytelling. Objectives within each of the brand’s feature presentations include: focus and articulation of current trends and the latest product innovations; clear secondary presentations of core product groupings such as eye shadows, foundations, and lip products; a forward presentation of each product available for the client to test, backed by packaged and accessible selling stock; and additional back-stock storage in each unit. †¢ The newly proposed core fixture solution needs to provide for a base system that preserves an underlying framework to each brand’s presentation while evolving how the brands can express their trend and product stories. The overall department is punctuated by highlight areas. Here Sephora presents a curated assortment of the best of a product segment, such as mascaras, or highlights a larger trend, such as nail art. Design proposals are to reconsider how trend and highlight areas function and are integrated into the â€Å"brand library† of the overall department. These areas should be flexible for frequent updating, encourage play and trial as well as shopping and learning, and be designed to enable varied configurations over time. †¢ The total store is anchored by the â€Å"Beauty Studio,† the destination for clients to receive cast-assisted consultations. Design proposals should thoughtfully integrate the experience of experimentation and trial throughout the revamped Color experience. Clients should always feel exposed to looks, trends and product innovations, with the ability to try the products individually, in groups or with cast assistance. †¢ Sephora’s virtual presence has grown. It is the leading online beauty retailer, with a loyal following across all forms of social media. The virtual experience with the brand affects the in-store shopping experience, so students should consider digital integration across the Color experience. The area should range from 1,600 to 2,500 square feet, comprising a mixture of wall and floor fixtures. PRESENTATION REQUIREMENTS AND FORMAT †¢ Each entry should be submitted in an 8-1/2 x 14 bound booklet, not to exceed 12 pages. †¢ The design may be hand-drawn, rendered, photographic, and/or computer-generated. †¢ Students also must submit a copy of their design in PDF form at entry on a CD. A PDF version of the booklet is also required. †¢ The submission should address the general requirements above at a scale and composition determined by the student. A written concept statement limited to two paragraphs must highlight the unique fixture design, the rationale for design decisions, material selections, and the demographic for whom the design was made. GENERAL INFORMATION AND ENTRY REQUIREMENTS †¢ This competition is open to undergraduate college students only. †¢ Students may only enter ONE category; either the visual merchandising category or the store design category. †¢ The student’s name and school name is not to be visible anywhere on the presentation pages or cover. Each entry must include a printed entry form and disclaimer clipped to the back of the entry. †¢ Each entrant must complete and submit an online copy of the entry form as well. †¢ Students must also submit a copy of their entry on a CD or DVD in a PDF format with the entry. Please make sure to label the CD or DVD. †¢ Students are advised to keep a copy of their entries, as entries will not be returned. Entries must be received by 5:00 p. m. Pacific time on Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013. Sephora PAVE Entries Attn: Paul Loux & Hillary Washington 525 Market Street, 32nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94105

Income Inequality Essay - 938 Words

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Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust Essay - 1452 Words

Examining any issue pertaining to the Holocaust is accompanied with complexity and the possibility of controversy. This is especially true in dealing with the topic of Jewish resistance to the Holocaust. Historians are often divided on this complex issue, debating issues such as how â€Å"resistance† is defined and, in accordance with that definition, how much resistance occurred. According to Michael Marrus, â€Å"the very term Jewish resistance suggests a point of view.† Many factors, both internal such as differences in opinion on when or what resistance was appropriate, as well as external, such as the lack of arms with which to revolt, contributed to making resistance, particularly armed resistance, extremely difficult. When considering acts†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, it was very difficult to gauge when this point would come; the Germans were inconsistent in when they carried out the executions, as some were killed immediately and others were kep t alive for a time. 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Citation and Plagiarism - 1836 Words

Plagiarism in an academic field is very unethical. There is no difference between stealing academic work that is not one’s own and going into a store to steal merchandise. The consequences for both offences are often harsh and life altering. One can lose credibility, lose a hard-earned reputation, be charged criminally, kicked out of school or be financially ruined by any judicial proceedings against them. The cost of saving a few hours of academic study is not worth it in the big picture of life of any student. Plagiarism is also a major problem for academic facilities as well. The schools could lose there accreditation if it was discovered the work of their students was not original but merely recycled work of other students or†¦show more content†¦Otherwise, you will be hiding someone’s ideas and suggesting it were yours (Fastfacts: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity, 2005, p.4). It is important to identify the difference between the information and idea from the source and your own. According to the â€Å"When to Document† paragraph 2, Avoiding Plagiarism (2006), common knowledge information does not require documentation. It defines common knowledge as â€Å"widely known information about current events, famous people, geographical facts, or familiar history† (When to Document, paragraph 2, Avoiding Plagiarism, 2006). Common knowledge may vary from person to person. It is a common knowledge to you but may not be for me. Generally, knowledge that could be found in a general reference book is common knowledge. With a lot of information in mind, some students start writing the paper with their own words and may not be aware that they have already implied someone’s information or ideas in their writing. As per Fastfacts: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity, 2005, p.10, golden rules of avoiding plagiarism, re-phrasing the information or ideas into your own words does not eliminate the need of citation. You must give credit in a citation reference page to the source of information even though you phrased them in your words. According to the articles â€Å"Seven Rules†, paragraph 2, Avoiding PlagiarismShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism and Citation Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism: Writing can be a difficult task for some people. For those people, before they start writing, the first thing they do is probably idea gathering, maybe looking for relate article on newspaper or magazine, look up some definition in the dictionary, check the World Wide Web, or even take a trip to the library. Often, they found what they are looking for, and before they know it, they start copying it, maybe a couple of word, few sentence, other people ¡Ã‚ ¦s idea, or they even copy theRead MoreEssay On Plagiarism1381 Words   |  6 Pagesyour eighth grade lesson on plagiarism and now you have no idea what it is or anything about it. On top of everything else, you now need to create a bibliography for a paper that if plagiarized, could cost you your entire grade for the class. Luckily for you, this paper will provide you with the definition of plagiarism, why you should document your sources, and information and differences between two citation formats, MLA and APA. What is plagiarism?, you ask. Plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involvesRead MorePlagiarism in College Work Essay example656 Words   |  3 Pages Plagiarism takes various forms. A student may cheat doing something as extreme as purchasing a paper, hiring someone to write a paper or turning in a paper freely provided by a friend. Many students unknowingly commit Plagiarism by failing to properly cite their sources crediting the authors. Still others cite, but plagiarize by coping much too much and writing far, far too little of their own synthesized thoughts and ideas. Students must be careful about copying too much. If a paper is mostlyRead MorePlagiarism: These Words Are Not Yours. Eddie N Hudson,1341 Words   |  6 Pages Plagiarism: These Words Are Not Yours Eddie N Hudson, Jr. Augusta University Abstract Plagiarism is a word that is introduced as early as elementary school. Students are encouraged when writing research papers to use their own words. The rough draft is marked with the stains of red ink and a comment saying â€Å"these words are not yours.† This paper will give you a definition and different types of plagiarism. You will also be provided with steps to prevent plagiarism. Citations areRead MorePlagiarism in Research Writing Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism comes about when a person uses words or ideas from another person’s work but fails to credit the source of the ideas or words. Scholarly work of any nature mainly requires the writing of dissertations, treatises or term papers in the world of academia. Students in institutions of higher learning, as part of the course work, carry out research and present their results in the form of dissertations or term papers. The assignments’ formatting usually follows standards namely the Americ anRead MorePlagiarism in College Writing1077 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism in College Writing Introduction Plagiarism occurs in many forms. Self-plagiarism and inadvertent plagiarism are two forms of plagiarism. Students plagiarize for many reasons. Self-plagiarism is a form of plagiarism that is difficult to detect and often over looked. Inadvertent plagiarism is often caused by sloppy work and poor citation preparation skills. Proper education and practicing citations along with the use of online tools will assist the student inRead MoreEssay On Plagiarism1306 Words   |  6 PagesBenjmain Bell Professor Malena Prinzing CIS 50 21 September 2017 Plagiarism in College Work Plagiarism takes various forms. A student may plagiarize doing something as extreme as purchasing a paper, hiring someone to write a paper or turning in a paper freely provided by a friend. Many students unknowingly commit Plagiarism by failing to properly cite their sources crediting the authors. Still others cite, but plagiarize by copying much too much and writing far, far too little of their own synthesizedRead MoreCOLL100 QUIZ 21491 Words   |  6 Pagesin either the reference or citation.   B.omit the date in the citation but use the acronym n.d. (no date) in the reference page.   C.use the acronym n.d. (no date) in both the citation and reference.   D.bold the source. Question 3 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Read this section of text from the APUS   Plagiarism Policy (2014,  http://www.apus.edu/student-handbook/academic-dishonesty/index.htm) :    The most frequently observed form of academic dishonesty is plagiarism. 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On the sources that you used to gather information, if you can not locate the author, make sure to scroll down and look everywhere for an author. If you cannot locate an author, make sure that you appropriately cite the website in your bibliography. Although it may seem obvious, while you use the Internet to gather

Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: In an organisation, the effective communication plays an important role as the manager has to coordinate all the functions and employees which involves liaison. This role of manager not only requires the communication with the internal organisation but also to external environment which includes stakeholders (Yukl, 2013). Manager should include formal and informal communication in its channel so that easy transmission of information should be there. Development of personnel is a tedious task for manager as all the personnel comes from different backgrounds, following different beliefs, having different cultures and acceptability. There is always adoption of one common way so that each and every individual can follow, implement and learn. Setting up of the organisational goals by manager, shows the results which manager wants to achieve in the future course of time. Setting objectives and goals can be made easy when organisation is following the decentralisation; all the decisions can be taken without waiting for the approval by the top level heads (Alfes, Truss, Soane, Rees and Gatenby, 2013). Manager has to support the performance of individuals by giving them directions how to implement the task and achieve best results out of that. By proper communicating and coordinate the activities, manager can easily manage maintain the relation between internal and external environment (Cascio, 2018). Improving process and quality includes trained the new technologies and updating to employees on the job. Development of employees will lead to improvement in process and quality of products and proper vision by the manager should be there. Functions of Manager: Planning is nothing but a gap between where the company is standing today and where manager want that company to reach. All the decisions related to expansion, diversification and other activities are taken by the manager in planning decision. Company plans in advance what activities they have to do, how they will do it and who will going to perform that activity in the organisation. Organising refers to the arrangement of resources and assignment of duties to the employees and establishing authority relationship among them (Child, 2015). Organising includes all the allocation of work or tasks and resources to the employees for implementation of work. Staffing includes recruitment, selection, training and development of personnel and giving them adequate remuneration. This function performed by manager for the right selection of employees at right time for performing the task in the organisation. After following all these above functions, manager gives the direction to the employees how to implement the activity in real in the organisation for achievement of goals. Directing involves supervision over employees working, motivating them and communicating all the important information (Fayol, 2016). After all the resources are put in place, managers work yet not complete as he has to do the correcting work. This work includes measuring the differences in expected and actual results and if the results are not matching to the expectations then corrective measures were taken by the manager. Challenges and risks: Maintain the quality as well as quality in the time when prices are at its peak. Challenge for manager is to provide a good amount of quantity with good quality standards of product (Murray-Webster, and Hillson, 2016). Manager has to maintain the balance between the quantity and quality of the product in that particular cost only. Timely converting the goals or objectives into results is a job of manager. Manager has to complete the task with efficient utilisation of resources and within the time sanctioned. Updating the technology timely is a challenging task for a manager. Implementing new technology in a new organisation depicts employees smartness and ability to understand new changes done in the organisation. In a recent interview of Coca Cola Amantil, manager has accepted the fact that they are facing the problem in managing the risk and finding the new banks for the deposit of money. This is because of the reason that the credit rating companies has pushed the rating of company to the downside (Global Capital, 2012). The environment in which the business is operating is keeps on changing day to day. The manager has to work in that complicated environment and have to face the changes on daily basis. In the market there are always availability of new opportunities and threats the manager has to find that by scanning the business environment (Reason, 2016). Customers choices and preferences are changing very frequently. Now customer prefers to have more of health conscious drinks. Although Coca-Cola is offering a wide variety of products for diet conscious and health conscious customer but then also there is a high competition in the market as close substitutes are available like Pepsi. Impact of values, ethics and diversity on culture and role of manager: Values are just the fundamental beliefs of an individual and the principle of doing the right and justice within organisation and should have to follow the organisation prescribed values. The relationship between the employee performance and organisational values plays a significant role in the organisation for the employee satisfaction (Hannington, 2016). These values include optimum utilisation of resources, doing work with innovation and creativity, coordination with the employees, communication about information and grievances and showing integrity and loyalty towards the organisation. The value of the companies governs the policies, procedures, strategies and appraisals for the company. Values also affect the products offered by the company as it includes how the product will sale and to be offer to public. Ethics are the beliefs of an individual that governs their moral values, honesty, integrity, confidentiality and justice. Business ethics is a field in which cod of conduct of business has been followed by seeing corporate responsibility and taking social and legal factors in mind. Mostly businesses do the ethical advertisement of their product to have good brand image of product and Company in the minds of customers (Sacconi, 2012). Company tries to charge a price which is relevant as customers are price sensitive to this factor. If a company offers a product advantages and disadvantages with full transparency then this activity is considered to be an ethical. In Coca-Cola Amatil, the ethics and code of conduct of business in the organisation has been already defined that how individuals have to perform a role or activity in an ethical manner. This code of conduct includes honesty and integrity in the working of employees and these workings are transparent to the stakeholders. Coca-Cola is following the concept of providing the good quality products to the consumer. Decisions by individuals are made with justice, fairness and impartiality. Following ethics is important in every organisation as it increases the confidence in consumer that company is ethical in nature and its activities and does not provide any adulterated products (Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson and Mumford, 2012). It also increases the corporate goodwill of the company by ethical behaviour in society and can also reduce their financial liabilities. Diversity of culture is nothing but an individual values, norms and tradition which they follow and judge, interact, percept others on that basis. It is difference in the caste, sex, religion; culture and social abilities of an individual (Hofhuis, van der Zee, and Otten, 2012). Implementing diversity in the organisation is difficult as it include all individuals from different backgrounds and having different beliefs and influencing individuals to together come up with the same norms, policies and rules and beliefs cannot be done in a one stroke (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). So implementing a diversity culture adoption is a long way activity which managers have to perform. Coca-Cola also facing the diversity challenge as it has a wide geographical reach so it has to maintain the rules according to that only. The company has facing many problems because of diversification in culture like company is spending a high cost for maintaining the diversity. Company is providing training and mentoring regarding the diversity in culture throughout the branches in world (Irefin, and Mechanic, 2014). Coca-Cola is trying to maintain the work life balance possible for individuals. Some employees are also file suit on the company on the ground of discrimination on the basis of race or diversity. From the above discussion, we can conclude that the coca cola is a leading brand in the soft drink field. To manage this leading position, organisational structure is an essential component in the organisation and managing the structure is the work of manager. Manager is responsible for managing the structure effectively and efficiently while communicating and coordinating with all the related aspects affecting the organisation. Conclusion: In todays competitive environment, manager has to perform complex task and are facing many challenges in risk in operating the organisations working. Financial risk, dealing in dynamic environment, changes in consumer preferences all are working as a barrier for efficient working of a manager. Manager has to survive in the environment while following the rules and policies made by the organisation and also have to perform the activities according to the norms, values and in an ethical manner. Performing the activities in an ethical manner and coordinating with the diversified culture is also done by managers. Values, ethics are made in organisation for maintaining the same rules and regulations for all the employees and to have a corporate goodwill. For having an ethical and value image in the eyes of public, the company also do the CSR activities. Company can also use other methods for having an ethical image in the eyes of consumer like company can introduce a campaign, or can do t he promotional activities. References: Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human resource management,52(6), pp.839-859. Yukl, G.A., 2013.Leadership in organizations. Pearson Education India. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Fayol, H., 2016. General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Global Capital, (2012).Interview: Coca-Cola Amatil facing challenges in managing credit risk. [online]. Available at: https://www.globalcapital.com/article/k39kwlmxhlkn/interview-coca-cola-amatil-faces-challenges-in-managing-credit-risk. [ACCESSED ON 27th march 2018] Reason, J., 2016.Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Murray-Webster, R. and Hillson, D., 2016.Managing group risk attitude. Routledge. Hannington, T., 2016.How to measure and manage your corporate reputation. Routledge. Sacconi, L., 2012.The social contract of the firm: economics, ethics and organisation. Springer Science Business Media. Thiel, C.E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J.F. and Mumford, M.D., 2012. Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), pp.49-64. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615.. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Hofhuis, J., van der Zee, K.I. and Otten, S., 2012. Social identity patterns in culturally diverse organizations: The role of diversity climate.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,42(4), pp.964-989. Irefin, P. and Mechanic, M.A., 2014. Effect of employee commitment on organizational performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno state.Journal of Humanities and Social Science, pp.33-41. Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. and Jacob, I., 2011. Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education.

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay Example For Students

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay The Five Factor Model of PersonalityThe precise definition of personality has been a point of discussionamongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since thebeginning of civilisation. Personality can be defined as the distinctive andcharacteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define anindividuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with theenvironment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith Bem, 1993: 525). It can be proposedthat personality psychology has two different tasks. The first involvesspecifying the variables on which individuals differ from one another. Thesecond involves synthesising the psychological processes of human functioninginto an integrated account of the total person (Atkinson et al., 1993: 532). We will write a custom essay on The Five Factor Model of Personality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are many different theories of personality and many different theorists. The purpose of this essay is to examine the trait approach, specifically thefive-factor model. Both the development and limitations of the Five-Factor modelof personality shall be discussed. Trait theory is based on several assumptions. The first assumption isthat any difference between people that is seen as significant will have a name. Secondly, these names, known as traits, are conceived of as continuousdimensions. In general, trait theories assume that people vary simultaneously ona number of personality factors. These traits are of both the conjunctive anddisjunctive form. Therefore, to understand a trait, it is necessary tounderstand what a particular trait is and what type of behaviour is evidence ofthat trait. (Atkinson et al., 1993). Five factor theorists are one set of traittheorists. The claim of five factor theorists is that behaviour can be bestpredicted and explained by measurement of five dominant personality factors. Thefive factor theory is a fairly recent proposal and has its basis in earlier work,which shall be discussed. One of the statistical techniques most commonly used in the study ofpersonality is that of factor analysis: By identifying groups of highly intercorrelated variables, factor analysis enables us todetermine how many underlying factors are measured by a set of original variables. In other words, factor analysis is used to uncover the factor structure of a set of variables. (Diekhoff, 1992: 333)A factor analysis will generally show that a smaller numberof factors represents the same information as the original number of variables. Once the variables making up the factors have been identified, some of theredundant variables may be removed (Diekhoff, 1992). As such, a large number oftraits may be reduced to a number of personality factors. The procedure offactor analysis was a significant part of both the development and criticism ofthe five personality factor theory, as well as the theories on which it is based. An experiment conducted by Allport and Oddbert (1936, cited in Goldberg,1990) was based on the assumption that a dictionary contains a list of everypossible trait name. Oddbert and Allport took every word from a dictionary thatrelated to personality descriptors. This list was then revised to removesynonyms and unclear or doubtful words. Another researcher, Raymond Cattell(1945, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) further revised the Allport-Oddbert listto 171 words. A study was then conducted by Cattell on a group of subjects whowere asked to rate people they knew on the 171 traits. The results were factoranalysed and 12 personality factors were found. However, 4 additional factorswere found by analysing self-ratings. Cattell concluded that, in the adult human,16 personality factors were dominant. Eyesenck, (1953, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) was another majortheorist to use factor analysis. Although using the same basic approach asCattell, Eyesenck used a more discriminatory factor analysis which resulted infar less than 16 factors. Eyesencks major factors are introversion-extroversion and neuroticism. These are believed to be ordinal factors and assuch, scores on each dimension are independent of one another. The majority offuture studies concluded that the actual number of personality factors, forwhich there is significant evidence, is between Eyesencks two and Cattells 16. Since Cattells study, many researchers have conducted similar studies,or re-analysis of Cattells original data. Most of the researchers, such asNorman (1967, cited in Merenda, 1993) found support for far less than 16personality factors. At most, it was generally concluded that there are betweenthree and seven factors of personality. As a compromise, many researchers agreethat there are five personality factors, as suggested by Normans original work(1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990). Support for the Five-Factor model comes fromcurrent researchers such as McCrae and Costa (1985) and Goldberg and Saucier(1995). Opposition to the theory is also abundant, such as the work of JackBlock (1995). .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postImageUrl , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:visited , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active { border:0!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Ethics EssayAll trait theorists agree that there is a finite number of traits onwhich people have a score. The exact number of traits is still currently apoint of contention amongst theorists. However, today we believe it is morefruitful to adopt the working hypothesis that the five-factor model ofpersonality is essentially correct. (McCrae John, 1992: 175). There is alsostill disagreement among analysts as to factor titles (John, 1990: 96). Manywriters have adopted the names used by Norman (1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990)which are; extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stabilityand culture. For simplicity, this is the version of the five facto r model thatshall be adopted for this essay. The best known limitations of the five factor model of personalityrelate to the problems of trait theory in general. Trait approaches are directedprimarily at specifying the variables of personality. There is little dealingwith the dynamic processes of personality functioning. Traits are staticentities and more complete theories of personality, such as those of Eyesenck,come from a combination of trait theory with another psychological theory. Forexample, Eyesenck adopted a learning theory to combine with trait theory. Assuch, trait theory, and therefore the five factor model, do not deal with alarge aspect of personality: change. Mischel (1968, cited in Atkinson et al. 1993) is perhaps the best knowncritic of the trait theorists. Basically Mischel states that the underlyingassumption of the approach may be untrue: people may have such dynamicpersonalities that they do not possess trait-like characteristics. Mischel alsoclaims that there should be a high correlation between scores on a trait measurefor a subject and performance in a situation where that trait is evoked. However,according to Mischel, the correlation is extremely low. Mischel further arguesthat knowing a persons traits does not help predict their behaviour andmeasures of the same trait do not correlate highly with one another. Althoughthis criticism seems almost perfect, there is still a large number of traittheorists. Their responses to Mischels criticism shall be evaluated. The main defence of the trait approach comes in two forms. Firstly aconceptual form in which Mischels understanding of what makes up a trait isquestioned. The second form of defence comes from a methodological perspective,where the measurement of trait behaviour is examined. To be able toappropriately comment on trait theory, it is important to understand exactlywhat a trait is. McCrae and Costa (1995) suggest that not every person has everytrait. Therefore it is possible to confuse descriptors of behaviour with traits. There needs to be consistencies of behaviour to evidence a trait. Also traitscan be of either a conjunctive or disjunctive type. It has been suggested thatthe evidence suggested by Mischel is invalid because aggression was seen asconjunctive when it is actually disjunctive. Correcting this mistake couldsignificantly increase the correlation between different measures of the sametrait. As such, one criticism of Mischel may be answered. The second defence of trait theory examines the research method used byMischel. It is proposed that it is necessary to have many more than oneobservation of behaviour, before comparing behaviour to trait scores. Thereasoning behind this argument is that each trait test has at least 20 to 40items. As such, there should be at least half as many observations. A singlequestion test would be unacceptable and therefore a single observation ofbehaviour should also be unacceptable. Another possible experimental error mayhave occurred due to moderator variables. Moderator variables such as sex ofsubject may change the correlation between behaviour and trait scores. If thesevariables are controlled for, the correlation may significantly increase andMischels criticism may need to be re-evaluated. Cattells 16pf, the predecessor of the five factor model, also had asignificant limitation. The 16 pf had a low predictive power of performance ofa subject on a given test, when used alone. However, the personality profileswhich can be created using the 16pf are reasonably effective in an appliedsituation in predicting adjustment of an individual entering a particular group. Also, the performance predicting power of the 16 pf can be improved by givingthe 16pf and correlating it to some measure of the persons performance. Multiple regression can then be used to weight each of the 16pf factors so thatcorrelation between the 16pf score and performance is at maximum. This gives amore satisfactory prediction of performance using the 16pf, yet its predictivepower is still quite low. The 16pf is still used in many applied situationsbecause no other psychological tool is available with better predictive power. .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postImageUrl , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:visited , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast cancer 2 EssaySince the five factor model is based on the 16pf, this limitation is alsoapplicable to the five factor model. It is possible to suggest that the limitations pertaining to the traitapproach and 16pf are insignificant or not applicable to the big five model ofpersonality. However, there are limitations that specifically relate to thismodel. Jack Block (1995) and Dan McAdams (1992) are the main theorists toevaluate the five factor model specifically and examine its limitations. Blocks criticisms are answered by theorists such as McCrae and Costa (1995) andGoldberg and Saucier (1995). The basis of Blocks argument is that it is uncertain that all importanttrait-descriptive terms are representatively distributed in language. Forinstance, collectively suppressed traits might be unrepresented. Another majorpoint is that the Big Five are very broad and might not differentiate accuratelyenough for practical applications. For example, assigning people to high, middleand low on each of the factors gives 243 personality types, which may be enoughtypes but doesnt solve the broadness problem. Block suggests a few changes toprocedure should be adopted but admits my suggestions are mild, obvious andentail scientific sobriety coupled with slow, hard work aiming to educe orderfrom the present jumbled empiricism characterising personality psychology. (Block, 1995: 209). Both Costa and McCrae (1995) and Goldberg and Saucier (1995) suggestthat Block has lost sight of why the five factor model was developed. Blockcriticises the model for not being applicable to practical situations when itspurpose is to describe the full range of personality traits. Blocks criticismalso does not distinguish between the Big Five model from alternativemodels of the causal underpinnings of personality differences (Goldberg Saucier, 1995: 221). A large amount of crucial evidence supporting the Big Fivemodel is also left out of the criticism. Each reply also suggests that Blocksclosing suggestions provide few specific proposals of alternative models. McAdams (1992) critical appraisal of the five-factor model outlinesseveral major limitations. McAdams views the five-factor model as essentially apsychology of the stranger, providing information about persons that one wouldneed to know when one knows nothing about them. It is argues that because ofinherent limitations, the Big Five may be viewed as one important model inpersonality studies but not the integrative model of personality. Some of thelimitations described are those applicable to all trait theories and one appliesto the 16pf and any theories based on the 16pf. However, two limitationsspecific to the five factor model are discussed. The main limitation specific to the five factor model of personality arefirstly a failure to offer a program for studying personality organisation andintegration and secondly a reliance on statements about individuals by otherindividuals. The extent to which the five-factor model is a major advance inpersonality study therefore depends on what is hoped to be gained in the field. If personality study is interested in the study of observers trait ratings, thebig five model is extremely useful. If the purpose of the field is also toinvestigate observers attributions about individual differences the five-factor model is less significant. If the study of personality aims to emphasisethe whole person and the dynamic nature of personality, the model seems to beonly of minor concern. As such, from the view of multifaceted personology, thefive-factor model is one model in personality not the model of personality(McAdams, 1992: 355). In conclusion, the support and criticisms of the five factor model arenot as black and white as would be hoped. Each argument has logical reasoningand can provide evidence to support itself. Each view also has a large number ofsupporters. Neither one is necessarily correct, as it is possible for the modelto be applicable at some stages, and not applicable at others. As a result, itis probable and acceptable to conclude that the five factor theory may or maynot be an appropriate model of personality. Perhaps a comparison of how muchsupporting literature there is for each argument is a useful method for decidingwhich theory an individual may choose to support. Philosophy